|
Affirmative action (known as employment equity in Canada, reservation in India and Nepal, and positive action in the UK) is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Affirmative Action )〕 The nature of affirmative action policies varies from region to region. Some countries, such as India, use a quota system, whereby a certain percentage of jobs or school vacancies must be reserved for members of a certain group. In some other regions, specific quotas do not exist; instead, members of minorities are given preference in selection processes. ==Origins== The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "Executive Order No.10925",〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=President Kennedy’s E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action )〕 signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take ''affirmative action'' to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."〔(A Brief History of Affirmative Action ), University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)〕 It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 which required government employers to take "affirmative action" to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin". This prevented employers from discriminating against members of disadvantaged groups. In 1967, gender was added to the anti-discrimination list.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Affirmative Action: History and Rationale )〕 Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population. It is often instituted for government and educational settings to ensure that certain designated "minority groups" within a society are able to participate in all provided opportunities including promotional, educational, and training opportunities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.chatham.edu/about/legal_nondiscrimination.cfm )〕 The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is that it helps to compensate for past discrimination, persecution or exploitation by the ruling class of a culture,〔Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10199-6〕 and to address existing discrimination.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Affirmative Action )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「affirmative action」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|